What is a high viral HIV load?
A high viral load is generally considered about 100,000 copies, but you could have 1 million or more. The virus is at work making copies of itself, and the disease may progress quickly. A lower HIV viral load is below 10,000 copies.
What causes latent reactivation of HIV?
This is thought to occur due to release of infectious virus from a reservoir of long-lived latently infected cells. Reducing the number of latently infected cells should allow a prolonged period of HIV remission without antiviral treatment.
What are latent reservoirs of HIV?
A latent HIV reservoir is a group of immune system cells in the body that are infected with HIV but are not actively producing new HIV.
Can macrophages form a latent reservoir of HIV?
Thus, macrophages are shown to be the principal reservoir in urethral tissue containing integrated HIV-1 DNA that can induce outgrowth of replication-competent infectious HIV-1. Collectively, these findings have demonstrated that macrophages sustain latent HIV-1 infection and assist in HIV-1 persistence.
What does it mean when the viral load is zero?
Having an undetectable viral load does mean that there is not enough HIV in your body fluids to pass HIV on during sex. In other words, you are not infectious. For as long as your viral load stays undetectable, your chance of passing on HIV to a sexual partner is zero.
Do macrophages have CD4?
One significant, unique aspect of human monocytes and macrophages, compared to mouse macrophages, is that they express the CD4 molecule (8). While the function of CD4 on T cells is well characterized, the function of CD4 on human monocytes is not well understood.
What happens when viral load is zero?
Do all macrophages express CD4?
Monocytes/macrophages constitutively express CD4 in humans and rats6,7 but not in mice. On the other hand, some myeloid cells including natural killer (NK) cells, mast cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs) express CD8.
Is residual human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viremia dominant in CD4+ T cells?
Residual human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viremia in some patients on antiretroviral therapy is dominated by a small number of invariant clones rarely found in circulating CD4+ T cells. J. Virol.806441–6457. 10.1128/jvi.00591-06 [PMC free article][PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
What is virologic failure in HIV infection?
Virologic failure, or the inability to maintain or achieve viral suppression below detectable limits (<50 copies/mL), occurs in some patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection, despite being on a potent antiretroviral (ARV) regimen.
Is HIV-1 viremia a prognostic indicator of progression?
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 viremia is recognized as a significant prognostic indicator of disease progression in HIV-1-infected patients.
What is HIV-1 viral suppression failure?
HIV Clin Trials. 2009;10 (2):116-124. Virologic failure, or the inability to maintain or achieve viral suppression below detectable limits (<50 copies/mL), occurs in some patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection, despite being on a potent antiretroviral (ARV) regimen.